罗斯福和丘吉尔的“裸体”友谊 - 刘咏秋的博客

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	发布者：刘咏秋 \| 浏览(6994) 评论 (16) \| 发布时间：2006-12-19 01:37:05 最后更新时间：2006-12-19 01:37:05
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还是做翻译的功课。

一直喜欢听VOA中“The making of a nation”（国家的形成）这一栏目。最近几期涉及二战，更是精彩——在娓娓的历史叙述中，显示着理性精神与高瞻远瞩的胸怀。最让我欣赏之处在于，对于对手甚至敌人，并没有进行人格贬损和人身攻击。想想道理其实非常简单：贬低对手其实是贬低自己。

原文网址：http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2006-12-13-voa2.cfm.因周文老师说链接打不开，现将原文及原图附后。标题不是按原文翻译的：）汗。

历史充满着领导者们为了共同目标而走到一起的例子。但是很少有两个领导人像美国总统富兰克林·罗斯福和英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔这样，以如此的友情和默契进行工作。这两个人有很多共同之处。他们都出身富裕家庭，在政坛上活跃了很多年；两个人都热爱大海和海军，热爱历史和自然。

罗斯福和丘吉尔第一次见面是在第一次世界大战期间，那时两人官衔都不高，并且对此记忆也不深。但是，当他们在第二次世界大战期间并肩作战时，他们变得喜欢并信任对方。

在5年半的时间里，罗斯福和丘吉尔互相交换了超过1700封信件和讯息。在大型国事活动和私人场合，他们多次会晤。也许，罗斯福贴身顾问海里·霍普金斯所讲述的故事，能够最好地看出他们这种友谊的密切程度。

霍普金斯记得，那一天在白宫罗斯福是怎样去看望丘吉尔的。清晨，罗斯福去丘吉尔的房间打招呼。当他看到丘吉尔一丝不挂地步出浴室时，总统惊呆了。罗斯福赶紧就看到这位大英帝国领导人的裸体而向他道歉。据霍普金斯讲述，邱吉尔却说：“大不列颠首相在美国总统面前没什么好隐瞒的。”然后他俩大笑起来。

美英仅是二战中联合抵抗希特勒及其联盟的国家中的两个。1942年1月，26个国家签署了一项协议，誓言为和平、宗教自由、人权和正义而战。

但是，美国、英国和苏联是三个对战争胜负最为重要的盟国。尽管华盛顿和伦敦并不总是保持意见一致——比如，在从西欧进攻希特勒的时间上，他们存在分歧；丘吉尔抵制罗斯福关于英国应放弃一些殖民地的建议。然而通常情况下，罗斯福与丘吉尔之间的友情，以及美英之间的友情，引导着这两个国家紧密合作。

与苏联的关系却不是这样。莫斯科与华盛顿或伦敦并没有共同的历史和政治制度。而且，它在边界线及其他地区有自己的利益需要保护。

苏联与西方盟国的关系是复杂的。一方面，希特勒深入苏联腹地的侵略，迫使斯大林及其他苏维埃领导人把夺取胜利作为最高目标；另一方面，未来问题的阴影已经显现。苏联清楚地显示出它对波兰进行政治控制的渴望。而且，它正在支持南斯拉夫和希腊的共产主义武装力量。

这三个国家的外交部长1943年在莫斯科会晤时，这些分歧并没有被过多提及。相反，外长们形成了几个大概的决议，其中包括一项计划——建立一个名叫“联合国”的新组织。

最终，罗斯福、丘吉尔和斯大林第一次聚到了一起。1943年晚些时候，他们相聚在德黑兰，主要讨论军事形势。然而，这三位领导也考虑了这样的政治问题：德国的未来、东欧问题、东亚问题，以及未来的国际组织。

稍后，这一联盟就新的联合国组织制定了更详尽的计划。他们对新的国际性经济组织——世界银行和国际货币基金组织作出了安排。联盟还同意，作为一项短期措施，战后将德国划分为不同的部分。苏联将占领德国东部，英、法、美将占领德国西部。

在战争的早期岁月，华盛顿、伦敦和莫斯科因军事需要而结成同盟。他们知道，他们必须并肩作战以击败共同的敌人。

然而随着盟军向德国边境推进，这一联盟逐渐黯淡。罗斯福继续向世界呼吁，等到最后一颗子弹射出再规划和平；但丘吉尔、斯大林及其他领导人则已经试图按自己的意志塑造战后的世界。现在，两大阵营的分歧变得更加严峻。

最重要的问题是波兰。希特勒1939年对波兰的攻击引发了战争。罗斯福和丘吉尔确信，赢得胜利之后，波兰人民应该有挑选自己领导人的权利。丘吉尔支持了一个波兰地下抵抗组织领导人团体，该团体在伦敦设有一个办公室。

但斯大林另有打算。他要求波兰改变边界，以便能给予苏联更多的领土。他拒绝帮助在伦敦的波兰抵抗组织领导人。相反地，他支持一群波兰共产主义者，并帮助他们在波兰建立了一个新政府。

1944年晚些时候，邱吉尔会见了斯大林。几个月后，这两位领导人在雅尔塔与罗斯福见面。他们都赞同，应该尽快在波兰进行自由选举。他们还交换了各自关于东欧、中国及世界其他地区未来的意见。

返回美国后，在向国会报告其雅尔塔之行时，罗斯福精神振奋。“我带着一个坚定的信念从（雅尔塔）会议回家。这个信念就是：在通向和平世界的路上，我们有了一个良好的开端，”他说，“这一和平一开始不可能十全十美，但它将以自由理念为基石。”

丘吉尔抱有同样高的期望。“斯大林元帅和苏维埃领导人希望生活在光荣的友谊中，”雅尔塔会议之后，他告诉英国议会，“我也知道，他们的话语是真诚的。”

罗斯福和丘吉尔都错了。数月之后，莫斯科与西方民主阵营之间的关系持续恶化。

苏联开始动手控制东欧，斯大林开始发表措辞强硬的讲话，指责华盛顿和伦敦与德国进行秘密和谈。而且，苏联拒绝讨论把民主带给波兰的方式。

“我一直对勇敢的俄罗斯怀有极高的崇敬，”丘吉尔后来写道，“但他们的阴影使战后的图景变暗。英国和美国打这场战争并不仅仅是为了保护小国，也是为了捍卫个人的权利与自由。”

“但是，”丘吉尔说，“苏联另有目标。自从苏军取得控制权之后，她牢牢抓住了东欧。经过第二次世界大战的长期磨难和奋斗，半个欧洲似乎只是换了另外一个独裁者。”

在他们的秘密通信中，邱吉尔和罗斯福同意，必须尝试着对抗苏联的企图。但在他们能够采取行动之前，罗斯福去世了。在接下来的岁月里，世界将经历另一场新的战争——冷战。

罗斯福的死亡也终结了他和温斯顿·丘吉尔之间深厚的个人友谊。这位英国领导人后来记录了听到其白宫挚友去世消息的那个日子。

“我感到就像身体遭受了重击，”邱吉尔写道，“与这个光辉人物的友谊是如此重要，它支撑着我度过了战争中那些漫长而可怕的岁月。现在这一切走到了尽头。我被这深切、永久的失去压垮了……”

自由世界与丘吉尔一起，哀悼它失去了如此强有力的领导人：富兰克林·罗斯福。但它不会长久哭泣。战争正让步于和平。一个崭新的世界正在形成。

American History Series: Fighting World War Two Through Diplomacy

Allied unity faded toward the end of the conflict, leading to the cold war. Transcript of radio broadcast: 13 December 2006

Franklin Roosevelt

History is full of examples of leaders joining together to meet common goals. But rarely have two leaders worked together with such friendship and cooperation as American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The two men had much in common. They both were born to wealthy families and were active in politics for many years. Both men loved the sea and the navy, history and nature.

Roosevelt and Churchill first met when they were lower-level officials in World War One. But neither man remembered much about that meeting. However, as they worked together during the Second World War, they came to like and trust each other.

Winston Churchill

Roosevelt and Churchill exchanged more than one-thousand-seven-hundred letters and messages during five-and-a-half years. They met many times, at large national gatherings and in private talks. But the closeness of their friendship might be seen best in a story told by one of Roosevelt's close advisors, Harry Hopkins.

Hopkins remembered how Churchill was visiting Roosevelt at the White House one day. Roosevelt went into Churchill's room in the morning to say hello. But the president was shocked to see Churchill coming from the washing room with no clothes at all.

Roosevelt immediately apologized to the British leader for seeing him naked. But Churchill reportedly said: "The prime minister of Great Britain has nothing to hide from the president of the United States." And then both men laughed.

The United States and Great Britain were only two of several nations that joined together in the war to resist Hitler and his allies. In January, nineteen forty-two, twenty-six of these nations signed an agreement promising to fight for peace, religious freedom, human rights, and justice.

The three major Allies, however, were the most important for the war effort: the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union. Washington and London did not always agree. For example, they disagreed about when to attack Hitler in western Europe. And Churchill resisted Roosevelt's suggestions that Britain give up some of its colonies. But in general, the friendship between Roosevelt and Churchill, and between the United States and Britain, led the two nations to cooperate closely.

This was not true with the Soviet Union. Moscow did not share the same history or political system as Washington or London. And it had its own interests to protect along its borders and in other areas.

Relations between the Soviet Union and the western Allies were mixed. On the one hand, Hitler's invasion deep into the Soviet Union had forced Stalin and other Soviet leaders to make victory their top goal.

On the other hand, shadows of future problems already could be seen. The Soviet Union was making clear its desire to keep political control over Poland. And it was supporting communist fighters in Yugoslavia and Greece.

These differences were not discussed much as the foreign ministers of the three nations gathered in Moscow in nineteen forty-three. Instead, the ministers reached several general agreements, including a plan to establish a new organization called the United Nations.

Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill at the Russian Embassy in Tehran

Finally, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met together for the first time. They met in Tehran in late nineteen forty-three mainly to discuss the military situation. However, the three leaders also considered such political questions as the future of Germany, eastern Europe, east Asia, and future international organizations.

Later, the Allies made further plans for the new United Nations organization. They arranged for new international economic organizations -- the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. And the Allies agreed to divide Germany into different parts after the war for a temporary period. The Soviet Union would occupy the eastern part while Britain, France, and the United States would occupy the western part.

Washington, London, and Moscow were united during the early years of the war because of military need. They knew they must fight together to defeat the common enemy.

But this unity faded as Allied troops marched toward the German border. Roosevelt continued to call on the world to wait to plan the peace until the last bullet was fired. But Churchill, Stalin, and other leaders already were trying to shape the world that would follow the war. Now, differences between the Allies became more serious.

The most important question was Poland. Hitler's attack on Poland back in nineteen thirty-nine had started the war. Roosevelt and Churchill believed strongly that the Polish people should have the right to choose their own leaders after victory was won.

Churchill supported a group of Polish resistance leaders who had an office in London.

But Stalin had other ideas. He demanded that Poland's border be changed to give more land to the Soviet Union. And he refused to help the Polish leaders in London. Instead, he supported a group of Polish communists and helped them establish a new government in Poland.

Churchill visited Stalin late in nineteen forty-four. The two leaders joined with Roosevelt a few months later in Yalta. All agreed that free elections should be held quickly in Poland. And they traded ideas about the future of eastern Europe, China, and other areas of the world.

Roosevelt was in good spirits when he reported to the Congress after his return. "I come home from the conference with a firm belief that we have made a good start on the road to a world of peace," he said. "The peace cannot be a completely perfect system, at first. But it can be a peace based on the idea of freedom."

Churchill had the same high hopes. "Marshall Stalin and the Soviet leaders wish to live in honorable friendship," he told the British parliament after the conference. "I also know that their word is honest."

Roosevelt and Churchill were wrong. In the months after the Yalta conference, relations between Moscow and the western democracies grew steadily worse.

The Soviet Union moved to seize control of eastern Europe. Stalin began making strong speeches charging that Washington and London were holding secret peace negotiations with Germany. And the Soviet Union refused to discuss ways to bring democracy to Poland.

"I have always held the brave Russian people in high honor," Churchill wrote later. "But their shadow darkened the picture after the war. Britain and America had gone to war not just to defend the smaller countries, but also to fight for individual rights and freedoms.

"But," said Churchill, "the Soviet Union had other goals. Her hold tightened on eastern Europe after the Soviet Army gained control. After the long suffering and efforts of World War Two," Churchill said, "it seemed that half of Europe had just exchanged one dictator for another."

Churchill and Roosevelt agreed in secret letters that they must try to oppose the Soviet effort. But before they could act, Roosevelt died. And the world would live through a new war -- the cold war -- in the years to follow.

Roosevelt's death also ended the deep personal friendship between himself and Winston Churchill. The British leader wrote later about the day he heard the news of the death of his close friend in the White House.

"I felt as if I had been struck with a physical blow," Churchill wrote. "My relations with this shining man had played so large a part in the long, terrible years we had worked together. Now they had come to an end. And I was overpowered by a sense of deep and permanent loss."

The free world joined Churchill in mourning the loss of so strong a leader as Franklin Roosevelt. But it could not weep for long. War was giving way to peace. A new world was forming. And as we will see in our future programs, it was a world that few people expected.

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(以下网友留言只代表其个人观点，不代表本站的观点或立场)

有时候战争发起的原因是是为了捍卫人的权利与自由，并且是别国的人民的权利和自由，这些理想如果是真的，真让人沸腾。

发布者 :焦德禄 (2007-01-05 22:49:56)

我上中学的时候，关于二战历史题的答案，最标准的就是：美国靠二战大发战争财。后来看地方电视台播二战结束50年周年纪念的记录片《战线》、《士兵日记》，才知道二战的面貌完全不是我们课本上的样子，美国对二战的胜利曾经是那么的举足轻重！很多时候，只要能知道更多的事实，只要有常识，有正常的是非关，不需要多聪明的头脑，个人完全可以得出正确的结论，而不需要别人硬来告诉你什么是“正确的”什么是“错误”的。整天琢磨着要占领民众的“思想阵地”的，多半是怕民众知道事实真相，要用谎言谬误来愚弄民众。

发布者 :黄河滩 (2006-12-22 18:40:30)

这样学历史有意思：〕

发布者 :曲水 (2006-12-21 18:08:36)

你的文字有张力，好读。相比之下，另一些人中文底子实在不足，翻译成汉字后，还需要读者再将其破译为汉语。再有，已经看到你换了三张博主照片了。记忆中是从家务重负到舔犊情深到“雌姿英发”。显然，你儿子对你的“雌姿”一点兴趣也没有。

发布者 :方文 (2006-12-21 11:58:43)

字好象有点小啊：）

发布者 :苏三 (2006-12-21 00:33:52)

是第二次世界大战的炮火真正锻造和炼就了罗斯福和丘吉尔的友谊——这段友谊被公认为20世纪最重要、最伟大的友谊!!

博主回复

看样子你比我知道得多：）谢谢。

发布者 :李静 (2006-12-20 20:20:04)

10年前我在去北京的旅途中读《领导者》，此书都是讲这些大人物的。许久不关心他们了。此文又引发我对他们的兴趣了。找本书来看看。谢谢您！

博主回复

呵呵，那段历史是值得重温的。

发布者 :草儿 (2006-12-20 11:37:04)

能贴原文太好了，谢谢！《光荣与梦想》一书中对这一段历史的描述也十分生动，我很爱看~~~

发布者 :周文 (2006-12-20 10:12:44)

你留的这个链接打不开，不知道什么原因。

博主回复

哦？我这里一点问题也没有，困惑ing……不过杨哲宇能听到这个节目，这是显然的，因为他引了原文。假如周老师需要原文，告诉我，我给你贴上。

发布者 :周文 (2006-12-19 21:37:23)

想来您上一篇里应该加上第十二条技能：要会给文章你一个抢眼球的标题！像我这样热爱历史却又相当不纯洁滴人，必定是第一眼就要闯进来的。因为跟国际接轨了，所以中国人要过圣诞，所以有点闲钱来俱乐部当会员的中国人更要过圣诞，所以我近日殚精竭虑筹划如何才能更崇洋媚外，所以濒死。

博主回复

取标题是做编辑的时候逼出来的功夫：）那时候成天被主编们迫害，简直就到了“标题不惊人死不休”的地步：）另外，国外过圣诞都上教堂，没听说上俱乐部，看来又是“中国特色”。不过能够多赚点银子总是好事：）

发布者 :方华 (2006-12-19 14:19:01)

有些国家的领导人会在关键时刻做出正确的决定，有些国家的领导人会在关键时刻做出错误的决定，所以这两类国家会在历史的道路上渐行渐远。 ___________________ 没错.但进一步说,有的国家能让作出错误决定的领导人下台,或者即便决定错误,却有其他力量制衡这种错误,有的国家却不得不让他们一直掌权,且这种错误畅行无阻,于是,两类国家会在历史的道路上愈行愈远!制度使然.

博主回复

是。所以我完全赞成政治体制改革。

发布者 :杨哲宇 (2006-12-19 13:42:46)

我也一直在听这档节目,是您亲自翻译的吗?译得不错.But Churchill reportedly said: "The prime minister of Great Britain has nothing to hide from the president of the United States."直接译作"据霍普金斯讲述",既准确又灵活. 另外,这些文章本身就写得不错,真正做到了深入浅出,不知作者的学术背景,但给人一种大手笔写小文章的感觉.

博主回复

呵呵，你是英语方面的专家，谢谢鼓励。我刚入门，目前只能说自己还算一个好学生。

发布者 :杨哲宇 (2006-12-19 13:22:23)

姐姐的兴趣跟偶很近似。。。

博主回复

可不敢跟你比：）我原来是非常不喜欢国际政治和国际关系的。后来发现，其实人家的政治和历史跟咱一贯描述的太不一样：）想重新了解真相而已。结果发现，真相有时候非常有趣。

发布者 :一刀切 (2006-12-19 12:42:40)

有些国家的领导人会在关键时刻做出正确的决定，有些国家的领导人会在关键时刻做出错误的决定，所以这两类国家会在历史的道路上渐行渐远。

博主回复

所以政治强人的权力不可以无限。

发布者 :zjc (2006-12-19 11:22:03)

是很有意思。我只知道丘吉尔有编织毛线的爱好，不知道这些故事。已经看到留言啦，我是要问你们需要些什么的，就是觉得不着急，明年也来得及：）其他的装备我要去搜罗一下，这个大冷天找这两样东西，多半人们以为我是急于培养儿子冲刺08奥运，呵呵！你的新照片很不错啊，儿子总是不离左右嘛

博主回复

汉死！！！竟然忘了北京现在是冬天……寻摸不到要尽快告诉我……我也赶紧，先去替你到处看看：）

发布者 :huangyan (2006-12-19 08:21:11)

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